Millions in Ghana are grappling with the severe consequences of illegal gold mining, locally referred to as “galamsey.” This practice has resulted in significant environmental degradation, particularly in rural areas, threatening public health and agricultural potential as rivers become contaminated with toxic chemicals.
Despite widespread public concern, illegal mining continues, with both locals and foreigners participating in these activities. President Nana Akufo-Addo pledged to eradicate “galamsey” upon taking office in 2017, but weak enforcement of government initiatives has hindered progress. Activists in affected communities are calling for immediate action.
Health impacts on pregnant women
Ghanaian forensic pathologist Paul Poku Sampene Ossei advocates for a complete ban on all small-scale mining. His research reveals alarming findings: in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai district, an illegal mining hotspot, heavy metals such as cyanide, arsenic and mercury have been detected in the placentas of pregnant women, contributing to birth defects.
These findings align with other studies linking illegal mining to adverse health outcomes. Environmental journalist Erastus Asare Donkor reports that nearly every major river in Ghana is severely polluted. Data from the Ghana Water Resources Commission shows turbidity levels ranging from 500 to 14,000 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), far exceeding the recommended drinking water standard of 5 NTU. Donkor highlights the negative impact on livelihoods, climate, health, and agriculture, exacerbating poverty in communities affected by galamsey.
The role of illegal miners
Donkor, who has extensively covered “galamsey”, notes that government task forces created to combat illegal mining have been ineffective, primarily due to the involvement of powerful individuals. He observes that “politically exposed persons and people in government” are often engaged in mining activities within protected areas. When military personnel are deployed to enforce regulations, they are frequently redirected by officials, undermining their efforts.
Enoch Randy Aikins from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) echoes this sentiment, explaining that influential figures finance illegal mining operations by providing heavy equipment. While some community members may turn to galamsey due to government inaction, Aikins asserts that large interests primarily drive the problem. He believes addressing the issue at the top level is crucial, asserting that tangible actions against influential actors would signal the government’s commitment to tackling illegal mining.
An Africa-wide challenge
Illegal small-scale mining is not limited to Ghana; it is a widespread issue across Africa. In South Africa, “zama zamas” frequently occupy both closed and active mines, causing significant economic losses estimated at 70 billion rand ($4 million) annually. The South African government has acknowledged the detrimental effects of illegal mining on community safety and health.
An Interpol report on illegal gold mining in Central Africa highlights that miners are often vulnerable individuals trading their safety for a chance to escape poverty. Women constitute half of Africa’s artisanal miners, while children represent an additional 10%.
At the top of the chain are major dealers, organized crime groups, high-ranking political figures, and non-state armed groups, particularly in conflict zones like the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Smuggling billions
A recent report from a Swiss NGO revealed that billions of dollars’ worth of gold is smuggled out of Africa each year, largely funneled through Dubai. The report estimates that 321 to 474 tonnes of African gold, valued at $24 to $35 billion, goes undeclared annually, with smuggling doubling between 2012 and 2022. In 2022, approximately 66.5% of gold imported into the UAE from Africa was smuggled.
The Swissaid report, based on data from 54 African countries, underscores the alarming scale of the issue, linking illicit activities to international trade networks and highlighting the urgent need for effective regulation and enforcement.
